Land use planning can have a powerful influence on the level of bicycle friendliness of a given area. Planning low density, car dependent developments may impact negatively on the attractiveness of cycling as a transport or recreational option. Conversely, higher density, mixed use planning often results in an environment conducive to bicycling, as trip distances are shorter.
The following documents offer an overview of the various land use planning considerations impacting on bicycle friendliness.
26th Apr 2013
This case study "Shared (parking) space for bikes and cars in Copenhagen" was published in March 2013 and hosted at Eltis.org. It provides an innovative way to reallocate parking space between bicycles and cars using pop up bicycle parking.
15th Apr 2013
This paper published in the Journal Accident Analysis & Prevention online April 3rd, proposes a new conceptual framework for road safety and mobility comprising factors for risk and exposure resulting from travel behaviour. The model helps to identify potential effects of measures and policies on both exposure and risk. this paper also uses the framework to link research on cycling (safety) to land use and infrastructure.
09th Apr 2013
This Wiki, titled Bicycle Facilities in Holland, provides a useful case study and provides insights into infrastructure planning and traffic engineering to support cycling in the Netherlands. This wiki was created by students at Northeastern University and Portland State University based on a summer program to investigate the urban environment of the Netherlands in 2011.
25th Feb 2013
The paper, published in the journal Transport Policy in Febraury 2013, presents an analysis of school travel behaviour in the Netherlands and Flanders, two European countries with high bicycle use. The study analyses two aspects of school travel behaviour: home-to-school distances and modal choice. Both are analysed for primary and secondary school students.
14th Jan 2013
In December 2012 the City of Sydney adopted a new Development Control Plan (DCP). The Plan contains provisions for managing the transport and parking needs of the city so that the environmental and economic impacts of private car use can be managed. The provisions also encourage walking, cycling, public transport and carsharing. A detailed table provides bicycle parking rates for different development types.
08th Jan 2013
In December 2012 the American President’s Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition released an interim report on the nation’s physical activity guidelines. The report identifies interventions that can help increase physical activity in youth across a variety of settings. The report recognises that changes involving the built environment are promising and merit implementation even as the evidence continues to evolve.
19th Dec 2012
In December 2012 the US Environmental Protection Agency released a report that informs developers, businesses, local governments, and other stakeholders about the economic advantages of smart growth development - development that is compact, walkable, and diverse. Walkable development frequently makes cycling appealing and conventient.
07th Dec 2012
In November 2012 the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Office of Sustainable Housing and Communities released its 2012 Accomplishments Report. The report highlights how the Department's grant recipients are working to support locally led collaborative efforts that are building stronger regional economies. Improving community livability and health, and providing transport choices are key themes.
23rd Oct 2012
The Planning Checklist for Cycling was published by Bicycle Network Victoria in October 2012. The document is designed to enable professionals to plan and design healthy suburbs with comprehensive cycling networks for residents and visitors.The checklist is based on the requirements of the Victorian Planning Provisions and associated engineering design guidelines.
12th Oct 2012
This paper was presented at The 5th Healthy Cities Conference held in Geelong, Australia in June 2012. It provides heath and economic rationale for developing urban forms geared towards active travel. This review is the first stage of a project supported by the CSIRO which examines developing potential human health impacts of future urban development scenarios.
25th Sep 2012
Smart Growth America and the State Smart Transportation Initiative published these guidelines in September 2012. The publication outlines a variety of progressive transportation ideas, recognises the crucial connection between transportation and development policy, makes the case for Department of Transport (DOT) involvement in land use decision-making, and proposes ways to improve access to cycling, walking and public transport.
20th Sep 2012
In 2009 the Ministry of Transport and Fietsberaad published this overview of bicycle use and bicycle policy in the Netherlands. It was produced in English and translated into French, German and Spanish. It includes case studies relating to cycling to work, school and the shops, spatial planning, end of trip facilities and infrastructure treatments.
28th May 2012
The Active Living impact checklist – A tool for developments in the Australian Capital Territory was published by the National Heart Foundation in May 2012. The checklist supports Active Living as a fundamental design principle for new developments. The tool is designed for planning and design professionals and other interested stakeholders (land owners, developers, funders, investors, ACT Government Directorates, occupiers and community groups).
23rd May 2012
The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy released this report in September 2011. The report documents the policies and practices employed by eight new developments in European cities that have lead to reduced car ownership and reduced car usage; and increased walking, cycling and mass transit usage.
22nd May 2012
This research report, prepared for the Arizona Department of Transportation in cooperation with US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, was published in March 2012. The study investigated the link between land use, travel behavior, and traffic congestion. The analysis showed that urban corridors had considerably less congestion despite densities that were many times higher than a suburban corridor. The reasons were traced to better mix of uses, particularly retail share, which led to shorter trips, more transit and nonmotorized travel, and fewer vehicle miles of travel.
26th Apr 2012
In March 2012 the National Heart Foundation released a literature review into the impact of density on health. Evidence shows that compact cities have the potential to promote physical activity by encouraging more walking, cycling and public transport use, and to decrease sedentary behaviour. Conversely, suburban sprawl is associated with less walking, more sedentary behaviour and increased vehicle miles travelled.
10th Apr 2012
The paper looks at the cost of transport (parking) infrastructure, and considers the alternatives available, along with the benefits of broadening the opportunity to choose cycling as an option for the preferred transport mode of choice for the community. The paper makes recommendations to alter the orientation of the statutory regime to create an environment where developers and government authorities want to provide cycling facilities. The paper was published in 2012 in the Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Cycling Conference.
12th Mar 2012
This webinar, Becoming a Fit City: Top Opportunities in Healthy, Active Design, was presented by the New York City Department of Design and Construction in January 2012.The webinar features some of the top ways in which cities and towns can promote Active Design, which encourages walking, bicycling, stair climbing, active recreation and improved access to healthy foods and beverages.
17th Jan 2012
The objective of the research detailed in this research report by Transfund NZ was to produce a comprehensive national database of information on trips and parking related to land use in New Zealand and to identify historic trends since the 1970s. This research has revised the original report, updating it to 2010 and comparing New Zealand results with those reported in the UK, USA and Australia. It also reviews trip generation surveys and databases from these four countries. Drawing on parallel research based on the MoT New Zealand Household Travel Survey, there is a chapter devoted to daily trips by all modes and purposes.
12th Jan 2012
The Active Design Guidelines were developed by the New York City departments of Design and Construction, Health and Mental Hygiene, Transportation, City Planning, and Office of Management and Budget, working with leading architectural and planning academics. The publication was released in 2010 and provides architects and urban designers with a manual of strategies for creating healthier buildings, streets, and urban spaces, based on the latest academic research and best practices in the field.
02nd Dec 2011
The Australian Government's Creating Places for People—an urban design protocol for Australian cities, was launched in November 2011. The document and website provide a plain-English ‘how-to’ guide and check list for decision makers and professionals whose work affects the built environment as well as members of the public who care about the design of their local community. The protocol is strongly supportive of walkable and bikeable neighbourhoods.
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17th Nov 2011
This website provides a guide to some of the new car free and low car provision developments in London.Often designed in conjunction with other congestion reducing measures (e.g. car clubs, lift share schemes etc) carfree housing developments come in a variety of configurations. Where possible entries include links to relevant contacts and further information.
15th Nov 2011
This paper, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in November 2011, reports on a study that examined the physical activity and travel behaviors of individuals before and after they relocated to Atlantic Station, a mixed-use redevelopment community in metropolitan Atlanta. It found that adults who move to a denser, mixed-use neighborhood increase their levels of walking for both recreation and transportation, decrease their automobile travel, and increase their use of public transportation.
21st Oct 2011
This video, produced in October 2011, looks at the social motivations for the development of the Dutch Cycling Network. It traces the citizens' reaction to increasing road fatalities, especially the death of children by motor vehicles, the oil embargo in the 70s and the demolition of old cities to accommodate motor vehicle traffic. Public outrage and protests for change prompted policies to focus from car centric to bike centric planning and development.
14th Oct 2011
Healthy Connected Communities, released in September 2011 by SA Health, explains the benefits of well-designed Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) in plain language. It is intended for a broad audience, including community members. The report includes a case-study of the Bowden TOD (the first to be rolled-out as part of the 30 Year Plan).
14th Oct 2011
This Guide, released in September 2011 by SA Health, provides planners, public and environmental health professionals, designers and engineers with an agreed evidence base which links the quality and form of the built environment with the health and well-being of the community. It is envisaged that the Guide will be used as a resource by state and local government agencies involved in the implementation of the 30 Year Plan for Greater Adelaide.
13th Sep 2011
This film, by Street Films, revisits some elements of Donald Appleyard's ground-breaking 1981 work 'Liveable Streets'. Appleyard studied the neighbourhood environment and the ways planning and design can make life better for city residents. His book explored how people experience their streets and the impact motor traffic volumes have on those experiences.
18th Aug 2011
This literature reveiw was released in 2011 by the Healthy Built Environments Program, City Futures Research Centre, The University of New South Wales. The built environment has an important role to play in supporting human health as part of everyday living. This Literature Review examines the research evidence which demonstrates this link.
01st Aug 2011
In June 2010 the NSW Premier's Council for Active Living (PCAL) released a series of resources to support state government agencies, local councils and the development industry, to build environments that support active lifestyles.
22nd Jun 2011
In May 2011, the Minister for Infrastructure and Transport released Our Cities, Our Future - A National Urban Policy for a productive, sustainable and liveable future. The National Urban Policy clearly identifies that active travel and public transport are key factors in improving the productivity, sustainability and liveability of Australian cities.
27th Apr 2011
A report by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, published in January 2011, has shown that innovative parking reforms have been successful in coaxing car drivers into using public transport systems.
27th Apr 2011
This research, published by the New Zealand Transport Agency in 2010, provides a methodology for assessing the effects of a development proposal within the context of the New Zealand regulatory structure. The guidelines are based on the varying scopes of assessment (simple, moderate, broad and extensive). The guidelines cover the content and process for each assessment type.
14th Mar 2011
Released in 2010 by the US Federal Highway Administration, this publication explores how transportation planning and programs can improve community quality of life, enhance environmental performance, increase transportation and housing choice while lowering costs, and support economic vitality. Many of the case studies resolve capacity and operational issues through a multimodal network and systems approach, reflecting better integration of land use with transportation.
24th Sep 2010
This document, published in 2005 by Richard Gilbert and Catherine O’Brien, is in three parts. The first part provides reasons as to why land-use and transport planning should be made more child- and youth-friendly. The second part sets out 27 guidelines that could be applied in the course of a municipality or other agency becoming more child- and youth-friendly in its transport and land-use planning. The third part provides some discussion of implementation issues.
21st Sep 2010
This 2001 document produced by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority in conjunction with Transport NSW and the Department of Urban Affairs and Planning covers a broad range of contemporary urban planning issues related to transport, including cycling. A strong emphasis is placed on planning with the aim of creating a wide variety of transport choices, with the view of reducing car use.
21st Sep 2010
This document produced by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute (Canada) and most recently updated in September 2012 considers the impacts, benefits and costs of different land use development patterns.
20th Sep 2010
This research paper, published in the journal Transport Policy in 2006, compares bicycle trends and policies in the USA and Canada. In spite of their colder climate, Canadians cycle about three times more than Americans. The main reasons for this difference are Canada’s higher urban densities and mixed-use development, shorter trip distances, lower incomes, higher costs of owning, driving and parking a car, safer cycling conditions, and more extensive cycling infrastructure and training programs.
20th Sep 2010
In this 2009 study, Making the invisible visible: the real value of park assets, the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) challenges the ‘invisibility’ of parks and green spaces within current asset management planning. An improved understanding of the current value of park and green space assets is an important first step in better strategic management and in assisting local authorities in using their assets to make a positive difference to communities.
17th Sep 2010
This report, published by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2006, provides communities and developers with proven techniques for balancing parking and other goals to enhance the success of new compact walkable places. The report begins with a discussion of the demand for parking and a review of the costs of parking. The following sections explain how innovative techniques have been used to solve parking problems in specific places.
17th Sep 2010
This 2006 paper by M Burke and L Brown is concerned with a Griffith University project to develop a diagnostic tool that seeks to allow decision-makers and others to rate the residential travel performance of land use developments and to identify means to improve that performance.
17th Sep 2010
This 2005 paper by M. Burke and L Brown suggests a way forward for the development of a diagnostic tool that can assist Transit Oriented Devlopment developers and decision-makers to quickly assess the potential of developments and the likely travel behaviour produced by their design.
17th Sep 2010
This 2009 report by the Australian Heart Foundation is based on research the Foundation conducted which indicated that residents in Australia’s major capital cities would prefer to be able to walk to a local bus stop than have a large backyard. The Australian results are consistent with earlier UK data that demonstrates a direct link between street quality and property prices.
17th Sep 2010
This document, published by the UK Department of Transport in 2008, provides advice on building an effective sustainable transport system in new developments, from the planning to the implementation stage. It specifically relates to Growth Points and Eco-towns.
17th Sep 2010
This set of guidelines was issued in 2008 by Landcom, the New South Wales Government's property developer and are intended for Landcom developers and their partners, such as local councils, as a useful tool in thinking about the design and use of streets in new developments.
17th Sep 2010
This set of guidelines was issued in 2008 by Landcom, the New South Wales Government's property developer and are intended for Landcom developers and their partners, such as local councils, as a useful tool in thinking about the design and use of open spaces in new developments.
16th Sep 2010
This 2009 document, developed by Planning for Healthy Places, a program of Public Health Law & Policy (PHLP), is a compilation of healthy planning policies used California.
16th Sep 2010
This report, published by Land Transport New Zealand in 2007, examines potential legal and institutional barriers to the integration of land use and transport planning in New Zealand. It provides an analysis of key planning instruments and practices and reviews overseas experience to identify key characteristics of effective integration that support sustainable transport outcomes.
16th Sep 2010
This study was jointly commissioned by the Victorian Department of Transport and the City of Melbourne to establish the potential to transform metropolitan Melbourne to meet the projected population of 8 million by 2050.
16th Sep 2010
Melbourne 2030 is the Victorian Government’s planning blueprint to manage Melbourne’s growth towards 2030. Melbourne is forecast to add 1 million new residents by 2030 and this plan commits to developing a more compact, sustainable city. Reducing car use through the encouragement of cycling is central to this objective.
16th Sep 2010
Our Cities Ourselves, a project of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, attempts to promote a vision for cities that are more livable, equitable, and sustainable. By highlighting international best practices and successful case studies, OCO seeks to facilitate an exchange of ideas on present urban conditions, key challenges, and possible solutions to realize our vision for better cities.
16th Sep 2010
Your Development is a national project developed in partnership with CSIRO and the Australian Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts. It is a dynamic website providing information on sustainable urban development via fact sheets, case studies, links to other sites, news articles, etc.
16th Sep 2010
This resource, produced by the National Heart Foundation of Australia in June 2004, is designed to make it easier for planners to incorporate healthier design considerations into daily planning decisions.
16th Sep 2010
This 2005 paper by T Yigticanlar, J Dodson and B Gleeson examines the relationship between urban form and travel patterns. It explains how land use planning can have a strong influence on travel behaviour – with high density, mixed use development acting to reduce car use and promoting alternative modes, including cycling, due to lower trip distances. It recommends a refocus of transport goals, from mobility to accessibility.
16th Sep 2010
Oil Vulnerability in the Australian City, a 2005 paper by J Dodson and G Sipe, documents the precarious position Australians, particularly residents of outer suburban communities, will face with rising petrol prices. It provides a strong case for improvements to land use and transport planning to increase opportunites for people to choose walking, cycling and public transport.
16th Sep 2010
Shocking the Suburbs, a 2006 paper by J Dodson and G Sipe, outlines the vulnerability of Australian communities to rising fuel prices, automobile dependence and housing debt. It has important implications for land use planning, with particular emphasis on the creation of communities less dependent on motor vehicles and an increased role for the bicycle.
16th Sep 2010
NSW Department of Health developed this Healthy Urban Development Checklist in 2009 as a guide for health services when commenting on development policies, plans and proposals. This is an extensive discussion laid out in a highly detailed 192-page document.
16th Sep 2010
This is a planning orientated website outlining the principles and techniques involved in creating Healthy Spaces & Places. Foremost it is for planners, as they can help tackle some of Australia’s major preventable health issues by planning places where it is easier and more desirable for more Australians to be active – walking, cycling and using public transport – every day. But it’s also for everyone who can make a difference to the overall health and wellbeing of Australians – design professionals, health professionals, the property development industry, governments and the community.
16th Sep 2010
Active Transport in Brisbane: how much is happening and what are its characteristics?, written by Matthew Burke and AL Brown and published by Griffith University in 2007, reports on the South East Queensland Travel Survey 2003/04 dataset covering the weekday travel of 10,931 persons in Brisbane, Australia. The paper demonstrates that household travel survey data can provide quantitative information on the extensity and characteristics of active transport in urban areas, with the potential to examine and compare active transport across cities.
16th Sep 2010
This 2007 strategy is an excellent example of sustainable planning and design towards an improved transport future for the City of Ryde. The document is a strategic plan integrating transport options with land use planning requirements. It provides a series of actions and recommendations, structured around a city-wide approach.
16th Sep 2010
This 2005 paper by M Bourke and L Brown discusses a project seeking to provide a diagnostic tool to rate the residential travel performance of large urban land use developments. The project aims to measure the extent of travel made and the modes of travel used by residential populations and to use this information as a means to rate the effect of a development’s location and design on residential travel.
16th Sep 2010
This 2008 academic paper authored by J Dodson and G Sipe was published by the Urban Research Program at Griffith University, Brisbane. The paper has four aims: review the basis for the increases in global oil prices since 2004; present the result of the 2006 VAMPIRE (vulnerability assessment for mortgage, petroleum, and inflation risks and expenditure) and compare them to the 2001 VAMPIRE result; and make observations about the policy implications of the changes in oil and mortgage vulnerabiltiy within Australian cities.
16th Sep 2010
These guidelines, published in 2004, aim to assist land–use planners and related professionals to improve consideration of walking and cycling in their work.
16th Sep 2010
The purpose of this section of the Queensland Transport and Main Roads website is to articulate the policy of the Department on the state dimension of planning scheme matters relating to cycling.
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